Main interests include the analysis of ideology, 19th-21st Century British political thought, modern liberal theory, welfare state theory, methodologies in political theory, the comparative study of political thought.

Publications include: The New Liberalism (1978), Liberalism Divided (1986), Reappraising J. A. Hobson: Humanism and Welfare (1990), Rights (1991), Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach (1996), Reassessing Political Ideologies (2001), Ideology: A Very Short Introduction (2003), Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought (2005); various articles in journals of politics, philosophy and history. Director of the Centre for Political Ideologies. Currently working on an ESRC funded research project entitled ‘The political theory of political thinking'.

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